The summer of 2006 was quite an interesting one. I was visiting family in Lebanon when the armed conflict had led me to spend almost a month in the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E). While born there, I grew up as a Canadian Muslim and had not visited since my parents decided to leave the country 20 years ago. The U.A.E has changed tremendously since then and today is one of the most developed countries in the Middle East with an economic growth rate of 0.839 and a GDP of $24,056ⁱ. Global companies such as Microsoft, IBM and Oracle have established bases in the Dubai Internet City. Interestingly, while certainly oil revenue is a factor in the country’s wealth, today oil trade only makes up 34% of its GDPⁱⁱ. As an honours student in Political Science and Global Studies who is perpetually curious about cultural differences, being able to spend an extended period of time in a foreign country provided many opportunities for cultural insight. In this article, I would like to take the opportunity to elaborate on some of what I consider to be the biggest differences between Canadian and Emirati culture and dispel some common myths related to this Arab country. Initially not expecting much culture shock, I found it hard to get used to some of the local norms. Equipped with the right knowledge and tools, the time spent there can be turned into a unique cultural experience. The Emirates is also an extremely beautiful country where one can enjoy the new experiences in a unique tropical atmosphere.

Being used to the temperate climate of Eastern North-America with its cold winters and fairly hot and humid summer months, the excruciating heat came as a surprise: temperatures and humidity levels are so high; it makes it difficult to travel by foot during the summer days. The average high during the month of July is 40C and the coldest month is usually January with a high of 24C – that is without humidity levels. If you are planning on visiting during the summer days, pack light clothes, but make sure to take a sweater for the indoor chill since the majority of indoor buildings and cars are equipped with air conditioning.

The U.A.E is situated on the South-East of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf. Natives of the Emirates are called Emaratis. The U.A.E comprises of 7 emirates, which are: Abu Dhabi (the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al Quwain. Most of the country’s population (estimated at approximately 2,602,713 in 2006ⁱⁱⁱ ) resides in Abu Dhabi, Dubai or Sharja. The country ranks among the top third countries in its Human Development Index ranking, which places it above East Asia, some Eastern European countries and most of Latin and South America. While the Emarati people have a unique culture, it is also important to note that only 19% of the population are citizens; 50% come from South Asia and 23% come from other Arab countries and Iran. Many university graduates from all over the world move there for employment opportunities. There is a large majority of people who work in the trade sector originating from various countries in Asia and the Middle East. If your trip is for business, you will encounter people from all over the world.

Arabic is the official language of the U.A.E but English is widely used as it is taught in American or British-run schools. Other spoken languages include Persian, Hindu, and Urdu.

As a foreigner visiting or living in the U.A.E, one should be aware of certain laws and their impact on day-to-day living. Some things may be accepted in Canada and the United States, but could get you in serious trouble with the police in Abu Dhabi. For instance, running a red light in Abu Dhabi is considered a major violation and could lead to an arrest. During the month of Ramadan in Abu Dhabi, eating, drinking and smoking during daylight hours in public could lead to a fine. You should also note that legislation and enforcement differ from emirate to emirate for example laws are much stricter in areas such as Al Sharija and Abu Dhabi and more relaxed in Dubai where Western influence is strong.

What seemed quite shocking to me was the hidden class system. During some visits to the mall in Abu Dhabi, I noticed that all of the retail shop workers are migrant workers from countries with weaker economies and higher unemployment rates. Emaratis are considered to be of higher class, and seem to acquire more prestigious positions; their children are rarely required to work during their teenage years. North American and European citizens are also viewed as part of a higher class. Family and public status is a very important element of the Emaratis culture. Class is also very important, not only with the Emaratis but also for the rest of the Arabs living within the Emirates.

Some culture shock when visiting or living in the U.A.E is inevitable. To me, the way of life, values and priorities seem to be very different from that of a Canadian. People tend to associate a larger importance to social life, appearances, class and ranking. The political system also differs greatly from that of most Western countries. The Emirates are ruled by Amirs and power is set down by the hereditary sheikhs, there are no elections or political parties. Protests or revolts against the government are not tolerated either, political freedom is very limited.

It is important to note that the U.A.E is an Islamic country; therefore some rules and customs follow the Islamic (or Sharia) Law. Women tend to be “more covered”, even in the heat; if you are a woman avoid the mini skirt, spaghetti straps or short shorts; anything else is normally acceptable. Pork and alcohol are prohibited in Islam therefore you may not find them served in restaurants, with the exception of five star hotels and night clubs, which are regular social sites. All of the meat purchased at restaurants must also follow the proper slaughter guidelines to be deemed halal (the equivalent of kosher in the Jewish religion). During the holy month of Ramadan, restaurants are closed until sunset and it is prohibited to eat in public. Muslims pray five times a day; once before sunrise, once at noon, once in the afternoon, once at sunset and once at night. Before every prayer, there is a call to prayer that you will hear no matter where you are. Mosques usually have an imam that makes the call, but you will also hear it in the malls and restaurants as well.

The normal work week is five days, from Saturday to Wednesday; therefore the weekend falls on Thursday and Friday. This is due to the fact that Friday is the holy day in Islam, and Muslims are required to go to the mosque on Fridays to hear the sermon and perform the regular Friday prayer. Men must perform the Friday prayer at the mosque, and women may go there as well, but it is not mandatory. It should however be noted that many larger companies are slowly moving towards the regular Monday to Friday work week, especially in the Dubai area.

During the regular work hours, people leave at around 1pm and return to work at approximately 4pm, this allows them to go home, eat, pray and take a break. They normally return home later in the evening at around 7 p.m.

One element that defiantly took time to adjust to, were the eating habits. Breakfast is normally served in the early morning and usually consists of eggs, tea, cheese and etc. However, a full cooked meal that I would consider dinner is served at around 1pm. The third meal of the day is served at around 8pm in the evening; this meal is usually a bit lighter and comprised of sandwiches, cheese, bread, tea etc.

It most probably will not be hard to find what you like to eat in the Emirates since they have a very diverse food market. Even fast-food chains are fairly easy to find. There is also a variety of Middle Eastern Restaurants offering delicious shawarmas, falafel or humus. If visiting someone’s home, you may find a different type of Arabic food not normally served in restaurants as they tend to be home cooked meals. Many of these dishes consist of rice and chicken served with yogurt. You may also enjoy another renowned dish which consists of grape leaves wrapped around rice and meat. You will also notice a variety of other places that serve other types of ethnic foods such as Indian, Chinese and etc.

Status and appearances are extremely important, and you will be judged by the way you dress. Men should avoid wearing tight clothes or shorts to work, and women wear formal office attire. Although there is a large population of people that are not citizens, the general business etiquette is similar to that in Canada.

When dealing with business matters, one should always use the right hand to shake hands, pass business cards, or eat. The left hand is traditionally considered impure and it would be a sign of disrespect to use it. When greeting someone, it is appropriate to start with the usual “Assalamu alaykum” which mean peace be with you in Arabic.

• When meeting a client or business partner, greet them by using their first name preceded by “Mr.” People of higher status are greeted as “Sheikhs”. To be given the Title of “sheikh” one must acquire a very high social standard. “Sheikhs” normally consist of head of cities, councils, larger officials, heads of various government departments such as airline and tourism.
• Don’t be surprised if one of your co-workers or clients holds your hand, it is a general custom amongst men, and it is a sign of friendship, not of sexual interest.
• Avoid public affection with your spouse - it is frowned upon.
• Try to avoid speaking loudly in public.

When conducting business, you will most often interact with males. While women are frequently conducting business in the U.A.E and since the 1980s, women graduates have outnumbered men by a ratio of two to one, men still dominate higher positions. Women in Dubai have a much more liberal lifestyle than other countries in the Gulf.

When dealing with Emarati clients, business may require some time and patience. It is important to them to first build a level of trust. For example talking about family and life is a form of getting to know one’s clients and helps build a relationship. Try not to rush as it may take several meetings before your Emarati client may feel confident that a relationship has been established. Set aside your “time is money” attitude.

Meetings will often begin with strong Arabic coffee or tea, declining the offer may be perceived as rude and impolite.

The Emarati culture stresses rank and superiority, therefore stress your own experience and ranking, and always recognize that of others.

Negotiating and bargaining may take time before coming to a final decision. One must be patient and not rush, and also try to avoid conflicts or arguments. Negotiators and sellers in the U.A.E have a reputation for cutting honest, equitable deals and standing by them, and they expect the same from foreign partners.

It is also important to note that due to the importance of the class system in the Emirates, your status and connections might be more important than your degree when seeking a promotion.

Tourist attractions in Dubai and Abu Dhabi are numerous, and one will be amazed at all the sights. Life in the Emirates is fairly relaxed. Larger companies usually provide their employees with a house, and sometimes a car as well. People tend to have a low amount of debt and most families have maids; sometimes two if the household is a bit larger.

Dubai has more tourist attractions as opposed to Abu Dhabi. In the Jumeirah area, you will find all of the most prestigious and expensive hotels such as the Burj al Arab hotel, known for its golden decorations and tennis court on the roof of the hotel, which is centered at the tip of the ocean. Visiting hotel restaurants is a nice way to relax and spend the evening with friends.

Dubai is also host to the Palm Islands; developed during the last couple of years – they are artificial islands that take the shape of palm trees. Houses and condominiums may be purchased on these islands. Families can enjoy the beautiful ocean view and the hot weather to unwind but for a fairly high price.

The city is also currently developing the Burj Dubai, which is set to become the largest tower in the world that will be surrounded by beautiful gardens and real estate opportunities.

Shopping is one frequent activity, since the malls are numerous and quite often very large. Aside from the regular malls, you may also get a chance to visit some of the many souqs. These Arabian style centers are filled with stores and products that you might not find in normal retail shops. They are a great place to purchase less expensive souvenirs and negotiating for a price is the norm.

There are many water parks, zoos, and spas that one might attend to take a break and unwind in the nice weather. The Dubai Royal family has also recently bought the Queen Elizabeth cruise ship, and plans to add it to the many attractions.

Today Dubai is also one the fastest growing cities in the world. Dubai is composed of four villages and depending on the reason for your travel; you may end up spending more time in a specific district of Dubai. There is the Dubai Knowledge Village, which is where you can satisfy all your educational needs. It is home to many schools, including the American University of Dubai. Then there is the Dubai Media city, which is a hub in which all of the media-related businesses are located. This is home to the CNN and BBC headquarters as well as many other Arabic channels. Further on, we find the Dubai Internet City (DIC), which is host to a range of ICT companies. DIC offers 100% ownership and 100% tax exemption which makes it a convenient and attractive location for many companies.

Keeping all of this in mind, the U.A.E is generally a nice place to visit, and one should not have too much difficulty adjusting to the lifestyle if staying there for a longer period.

About the Author:
Zeina Sleiman is a fourth year student at the University of Ottawa studying Political Science and Global Studies. She has been a research assistant at Graybridge Malkam since April 2007.

Additional Resources:
For more information, here are some web links that may be of interest:
http://uaeinteract.com/
http://www.intercultures.ca/cil-cai/country_overview-en.asp?ISO=AE&lvl=8
http://www.dubaimediacity.com/
http://www.dubaiinternetcity.com/

Note this is a picture of King Abdallah of Jordan

Indoor Ski resort at the Mall of the Emirates